ما هو التوحد ؟

لا توجد تجربه واحده من التوحد.

وأوضح تعريف هو ان التوحد – المشار اليه سريريا باسم اضطراب طيف التوحد (ASD) – هو طريقه مختلفه للتفكير, فرق النمو العصبية التي تغير الطريقة التي تتصل البيئة والناس من حولك.

ببساطه ، التوحد يغير الطريقة التي تراها ، وتجربه وفهم العالم.

ما هو طيف التوحد ؟

You might have heard people referring to autism as a ‘spectrum’. This is used to emphasize that there is an infinite number of ways that autism can be experienced.

While people on the autism spectrum share a range of similar characteristics, there are an equal number of differences between individuals, so the experience of autism varies greatly from person to person.

الدكتور ستيفن شور أستاذ التوحد من التعليم الخاص في جامعه اديلفي ، نيويورك ، ووضعها أفضل عندما قال:

"إذا كنت قد التقيت شخص واحد مع التوحد ، كنت قد اجتمعت شخص واحد مع التوحد".

The support needs of autistic individuals can range vastly from person to person. Some individuals may want or need ongoing support in daily living, community participation, communication, while other individuals may desire little or no support in these or other areas.

While every individual has strengths and challenges, some of the key strengths identified in people on the autism spectrum at a higher rate than the general population include:

• يجري المنحى التفاصيل ؛
• تحديد المخالفات ؛
• كونه مفكرا منطقيا ؛
• absorb and retain facts;
• tenacity and resilience;
• visual learners;
• in-depth knowledge in specific areas;
• honest, loyal and committed;
• الحفاظ علي التركيز علي مهمة ؛ و
• رؤية الأشياء من منظور مختلف.

It is important to remember that these are generalised strengths, and that many individuals on the autism spectrum do not have a strength in one or many of these areas and may in fact find some of these areas challenging.

Many individuals on the autism spectrum can find enjoyment in routine and predictability, or engaging in a particular passion, activity or hobby. This can mean that people on the spectrum may be highly successful in their chosen careers or hobbies.

Just like there are some common strengths associated with the autism spectrum, there are a range of some common challenges that people on the autism spectrum may face. Some of these challenges can include:

• communicating wants, needs and desires;
• social interaction and interpreting other people’s behaviour or feeling that others do not understand their behaviours;
• معالجه المعلومات الحسية ؛ او
• معالجه المعلومات المعرفية.

Individuals on the spectrum may develop skills in a way that is different from those that are not autistic. This can include the order in which skills are developed, the extent to which skills develop, and how skills develop. Skill development again, will vary significantly from individual to individual.

What are the characteristics of autism?

The characteristics of autism can vary widely in nature and presentation from person to person, and can also develop, change and improve over time.

Age, and cognitive ability can also influence how the characteristics of autism present themselves in different people, which is something that should also be considered.

في حين ان الكثير من عمليه التشخيص يرتبط بالسمات السلوكية ، فانه يمكن ان يكون من الصعب تشخيص التوحد حتى انها تتراوح بين 18-20 أشهر. بالنسبة للبعض ، علامات التوحد قد لا تصبح واضحة حتى سنوات الدراسة ، أو سنوات الكبار عندما يتجاوز الطلب القدرة.

ومع ذلك ، إذا كنت تشعر كما لو كنت ، طفلك ، أو شخص تحبه هو علي طيف التوحد ، قد ترغب في بدء عمليه التشخيص.

As autism is a varied spectrum of characteristics it can be difficult to identify if a person is autistic. To help you better understand the characteristics here is a summary of what to look out for, according to the latest diagnostic guidelines, the DSM-5.

علامات في فتره النمو

• In order to be diagnosed on the autism spectrum, characteristics must have been present in the early developmental period of a person’s life. It can be difficult to pick up on characteristics of autism for many parents, as raising a child in something that is very new to most people. For parents that already have a child diagnosed, they may be more aware of the early charateristics of autism so they pick up on these earlier.Or for other parents that have an older child that is not autistic, they also may pick up on the early characteristics of autism earlier as their children are developing differently. See our characteristics of autism in children checklist page for more information.
• For many adults, they many only become aware of the characteristics of autism in relation to their own behaviours later in life. When they then think back over their life they may start to identify how autism may have impacted their life at different moments such as realising that others seemed to know what others were thinking when they found it difficult to read people’s emotions. Many autistic adults have learnt strategies to support their challenges throughout their lifetime. It is therefore important to think about what characteristics were present at a young age when seeking a diagnosis as an adult. See our characteristics of autism in adults checklist page for more information.

To be diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder an individual does not need to have difficulties in all areas but rather must meet a specific combination of criteria across two domains. It is important to keep in mind that this is just a short summary, and that only trained, accredited professionals can make a formal autism diagnosis.

المجال الف: التواصل الاجتماعي والتفاعل الاجتماعي

الاختلافات أو التحديات المتعلقة باللغة والتواصل الاجتماعي والتفاعل الاجتماعي عبر سياقات متعددة ، سواء حاليا أو تاريخيا. وتشمل هذه الصعوبات أو الاختلافات في:

• التواصل الاجتماعي-العاطفي والتبادل الشخصي.
• السلوكيات التواصلية غير اللفظية المستخدمة للتفاعل الاجتماعي.
• تطوير العلاقات والحفاظ عليها وفهمها.

المجال باء: السلوك أو المصالح أو الانشطه المتكررة أو المقيدة

الأنماط المقيدة أو المتكررة للسلوك أو المصالح أو الانشطه في اثنين علي الأقل مما يلي:

• الحركات الحركية المتكررة ، استخدام الكائنات ، أو الكلام.
• الإصرار علي ان الأمور هي نفسها ، وغير مرنه وملحه علي الروتين ، أو الأنماط الشعائرية من السلوك اللفظي أو غير اللفظي.
• Engage in passions, activities or hobbies with a great focus and which can bring intense enjoyment; and
• Unexpected reactions, to sensory input, or an unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.

التاثير الوظيفي للتوحد علي الشخص

For some people autism can impact all areas of life significantly, while for others it can impact certain aspects of life to a lesser degree. Because of this, autism is referred to as a “spectrum” and diagnosed based on both characteristics and the impact that these differences may have on a person’s life over time.

If the characteristics shown by a person are causing significant challenges in social, personal, family, occupational or other important areas of a person’s life then it is likely that the person will be diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder.

If the characteristics are not having a negative impact on a person’s life or relationships, and they are able to engage in all social and interpersonal settings, it’s unlikely that autism will be diagnosed.

السلوكيات المحددة التي تلتقط المعايير المذكورة أعلاه ودرجه تاثيرها علي الحياة اليومية تختلف بين الافراد ويمكن ان تتاثر بعوامل مثل العمر والتعلم والدعامات المتاحة. ونظرا لهذا التباين ، يوفر الDSM5 مستويات الخطورة من 1 إلى 3 لكل من المجالين ليعكس الدرجة التي تتداخل بها السلوكيات التي يلتقطونها في الحياة اليومية للفرد التي تتطلب الدعم.

ملاحظه: من المهم ان نتذكر ان هذه المستويات خطورة هي لقطه من العمل في وقت التشخيص وقد تتغير مع مرور الوقت مع تطور المهارات و/أو مطالب التغيير.

هذه المستويات الثلاثة ، والخصائص والاحتياجات الدعم التي تحددها ، وترد في DSM-5 كما:

• المستوي 1: "طلب الدعم"
• المستوي 2: "يتطلب دعما كبيرا"
• المستوي 3: "يتطلب دعما كبيرا جدا"

While Autistic Disorder, Asperger’s Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) are no longer diagnosed as a separate disorder under the current diagnostic criteria (DSM-5), a person with a pre-existing diagnosis under the previous diagnostic criteria (DSM 4) can continue to use their pre-existing diagnosis.

ما هي متلازمة اسبرجر?

In 1994 Asperger’s Syndrome appeared as a separate presentation of a pervasive developmental disorder in standard diagnostic manuals.

وكانت الخصائص الرئيسية لمتلازمة اسبرجر التي تم تحديدها في ذلك الوقت:

• صعوبات في التفاعل الاجتماعي والتواصل الاجتماعي
• السلوكيات المقيدة والمتكررة
• لا الاعاقه الذهنية
• لا تاخير في تطوير الكلام اللفظي

في مايو 2013 ، تغيرت معايير التشخيص للتوحد مع الإفراج عن أحدث دليل التشخيص (DSM 5).

Since then “Autistic Disorder” and “Asperger’s syndrome” are no longer differentiated as separate presentation of pervasive developmental disorders, but are now included under the single diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or referred to as autism.

الهوية الذاتية الايجابيه واحترام الذات

People on the autism spectrum have strengths, skills and passions and often achieve great things, for themselves, their community and our world.

For some people a diagnosis of autism can enhance their self-identity and further develop their awareness of what makes them unique – autism becomes a positive part of their identity.

Many successful people in our community are autistic, some significant discoveries, developments and achievements have been made by autistic people, and without this neurodiversity in our society we certainly would not have achieved some of our greatest leaps in understanding about our culture, societies, communities and our world.

حركه التنوع العصبي

Neurodiversity was first coined in the mid-1900s by the Australian Sociologist, Judy Singer who recognised that “neurologically diverse (people) needed a movement of their own”, and that voicing “differences in neurology should be recognised and respected.”

The neurodiversity movement is a social and advocacy initiative that recognises and values this, based on the preference that neurological differences as natural variations in the human brain. Originating from the autistic rights movement, it now encompasses a range of neurological differences such as ADHD, dyslexia, and Tourette’s Syndrome. This movement is celebrated and important for several reasons.

The movement acknowledges neurological diversity as an essential and natural aspect of human diversity, similar to gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or disability. The movement challenges the traditional view that treats neurological differences as disorders or deficiencies, the movement promotes a more accepting approach which is why it is so celebrated.

The movement also advocates for inclusivity and acceptance in society, urging changes in education, employment, and social policies to cater to diverse neurological needs to benefit all.

The movement empowers neurodivergent individuals, encouraging self-determination and the right to advocate for oneself and highlights the unique strengths and abilities of neurodivergent individuals, instead of focusing solely on challenges and limitations.

With its introduction and gaining of momentum, the neurodiversity movement’s significance in Australia and globally lies in its ability to foster a more inclusive society that respects and supports all forms of human variation, enabling individuals with neurological differences to live respected and fulfilling lives.

ما هو انتشار مرض التوحد ؟

الانتشار الدقيق للتوحد في أستراليا ودوليا غير معروف.

However, international prevalence research indicates that around 1% of the international population have an autism diagnosis of sorts. While some countries report higher rates, such as the USA (around 1:59), other countries report much lower prevalence rates.

Data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 2022 Disability, Aging and Carers, Australian: Summary of Findings shows that:

• the number of Australian diagnosed as autistic has increased over the past decade, from 164,00 in 2015, 205,200 in 2018 and 290,900 in 2022
• around nine out of ten people diagnosed as autistic are under the age of 25.
• 1 out of 2.2 Australian diagnosed as on the autism spectrum are female

The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is due to release more updated data on the autism prevalence in Australia in mid 2024.

في حين ان انتشار التوحد المبلغ عنه يختلف في جميع انحاء العالم ، كانت هناك زيادة واضحة في عدد الأشخاص الذين تم تشخيصهم علي طيف التوحد في السنوات الاخيره ، ولكن هذا لا يوحي بالضرورة ان هناك أكثر الناس الذين يعانون من التوحد في العالم من هناك كانت قبل عشره أو عشرين عاما.

وتشير الادله إلى ان الزيادة هي نتيجة لعدد من العوامل الثقافية والسريرية ، بما في ذلك التاثيرات الاجتماعية التي تزيد من الوعي بالتوحد ، وتحسين الإجراءات التشخيصية والتغيرات في معايير التشخيص مما يسمح لمزيد من الناس بالوصول إلى التشخيص.

According to Professor Whitehouse, from Australia’s Autism CRC, research shows the majority of the increase in autism prevalence over this period was due to an increase in diagnosing children with less complex behaviours.

"نحن الآن ندرك ان الشرط يقدم علي طول الطيف. ومن الاهميه بمكان ان ندرك جميعا المجموعة الكاملة من العروض ، فضلا عن نقاط القوه الكبيرة التي يجلبها الافراد علي الطيف إلى مجتمعنا ".

التوحد في أستراليا

Autism is a neurological difference, a different way of thinking. The word ‘spectrum’ reflects the diversity of autistic people and how characteristics present. There is not one single cause of autism. The following is an overview of autism in Australia at the time of publication.

Sources:
• Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022). Disability, Ageing, and Carers, Australia: Summary of Findings. [https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/autism-australia-2022.]
• Australian Bureau of Statistics (2018). Disability, Ageing and Carers, Australia: Summary of Findings [https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/disability/disability-ageing-and-carers-australia-summary-findings/latestrelease#
autism-in-australia]
• Australian Bureau of Statistics (2015). Disability, Ageing and Carers, Australia: Summary of
Findings, 2015 [https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/4430.0Main%20
Features762015?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=4430.0&issue=2015&num=&view=]
• Clark, T., Jung, J. Y., Roberts, J., Robinson, A., & Howlin, P. (2023). The identification of exceptional skills in school age autistic children: Prevalence, misconceptions and the alignment of informant perspectives. Journal of Applied
Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 36(5), 1034–1045. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.13113
• Whitehouse AJO, Evans K, Eapen V, Wray J. A national guideline for the assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in Australia. Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism, Brisbane, 2018.

ما هو تاريخ التوحد ؟

The understanding of autism has developed over a number of decades. While the term ‘autism’ was defined by Kanner, there is varying evidence that other professionals, including Grunya Efimovna Sukhareva and Paul Bleuler, had recognised the unique presentation of characteristics much earlier than this. Since the 1940’s the diagnostic criteria has evolved and shifted as we learn more but now autism is widely understood as a spectrum of conditions with wide-ranging degrees of presentation.

1943

وكتب ليو كانير ، الطبيب النفساني للأطفال في كليه الطب بجامعه جونز هوبكنز في بالتيمور ، MD ، الولايات الامريكيه ، مقالا أصيلا وصف فيه 11 طفلا في عيادته دون غريزة اجتماعيه لتوجيه نحو أشخاص آخرين. ووصف هؤلاء الأطفال بأنهم يركزون في معظم الأحيان ، أو حتى مهووسين بالأشياء ، علي الحاجة إلى السعادة و "مقاومه التغيير غير المتوقع". ولإعطاء اسم لهذه الحالة النفسانية الجديدة ، صاغ كانير مصطلح "التوحد الطفولي". كلمه التوحد ياتي من الكلمة اليونانية "السيارات" ، وهو ما يعني "الذات".

1944

A year later, Hans Asperger, a paediatrician at the University of Vienna in Austria wrote an article about children he had observed who shared similar characteristics of those in Kanner’s clinic but on a wider spectrum.

However, it has been suggested that Asperger and colleagues in Vienna had in fact been analysing and describing autism since the 1930s and that colleagues of Asperger actually played a key role in Kanner’s work in the 1940s.

Part of Asperger’s approach was to create a school that was centred around these children’s cognitive strengths rather than any perceived difficulties they faced.

What was notable was the diversity of the characteristics displayed by the children in Asperger’s clinic – an aspect of autism about which we have begun to have a greater understanding in recent years.

As Asperger’s research work was undertaken during the years in which Austria was under control of Nazis, his article was not translated into English for nearly forty years. So that, his findings did not become widely accessible until 1981.

1981

نشرت لورنا الجناح ، الطبيب النفساني للأطفال في معهد الطب النفس في المملكة العربية البريطانية في لندن (للمرة الاولي باللغة الانجليزيه) مقال الذي أشار إلى التوحد كسلسلة المتصلة التي شملت اسبرجر ، اعترافا بعمل هانز اسبرجر.

1989

تم تشخيص مرض اسبرجر لأول مره في الأطفال في جنوب أستراليا من قبل التوحد SA.

1994

وشملت أول اضطراب اسبرجر في DSM-4 (الدليل التشخيصي والإحصائي للاضطرابات العقلية, الطبعة الرابعة) التي نشرتها جمعيه الطب النفساني الامريكيه (APA). وشملت التشخيصات الأخرى تحت مظلة اضطراب النمو المتفشية اضطراب التوحد, PDD, اضطراب الطفولة التفكك واضطراب اسبرجر.

1996

Lorna Wing coined the phrase Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to describe a range of neurodevelopmental differences, including autism and Asperger syndrome. Children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder needed to have met criteria for difficulties in communication, social interaction and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviours, interests or activities. A complete diagnosis relied on these characteristics being experienced from early childhood and at a level which limited or impacted daily living.

2013

الإفراج عن تحديث DSM-5 manual redefined the Autism Spectrum Disorder to encompass the previous diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). The new definition no longer includes communication as a separate criterion, but incorporates it in the other two domains. Diagnosis is made on the person meeting the required criteria in two areas: social communication and social interaction, and restricted and repetitive behaviour. If a person has been diagnosed previously with Asperger syndrome, this generally is maintained.

ما الذي يسبب التوحد ؟

وتجري بحوث هامه في جميع انحاء العالم في أسباب التوحد ، وبينما اقترحت الدراسات عددا من الرابطات والارتباطات الممكنة ، فان أسباب التوحد لا تزال غير معروفه إلى حد كبير.

في حين ان البحث في أسباب التوحد يتطور باستمرار ، ونحن نعرف انه من المرجح انه لا يوجد سبب واحد للتوحد ، ولكن التوحد هو غير متجانسة ، وهذا يعني ان هناك عددا من الأسباب للتوحد. وقد أظهرت الأبحاث أيضا انه من المرجح ان يكون هناك عدد من العوامل المساهمة التي تؤدي إلى الاختلافات العصبية التي نعترف بها كالتوحد أو طيف التوحد.

علم الوراثه

وقد وجد الباحثون العديد من الجينات الممكنة التي يمكن ان تلعب دورا في تطوير التوحد ، مما يؤدي إلى الاعتقاد بان التوحد هو في الواقع عدد من الظروف المختلفة التي لديها جميع علامات سلوكيه متشابهة نسبيا والخصائص.

Research supports that for groups of autistic people, there are genetic differences across a range of genes or specific genes that cause neurological differences, which means that they display autistic characteristics.

Research into family genetics and the prevalence of autism has supported this finding. Research has shown that if there is one person in the family diagnosed as autistic, it can increase the likelihood that others in the family will also be on the autism spectrum, at the following rates:

• العمات والأعمام وأبناء العمومة (2-3%)
• الاشقاء والتوائم غير المتطابقة (10 ٪)
• توائم متطابقة 80 ٪ إذا تم تشخيص أحد

For some groups of autistic individuals, it appears that the genes are passed on from a parent directly, for others, genes from both parents are combined, meaning that they are likely to cause neurological differences resulting in autism, while for other individuals there may be genetic differences that have not been passed on, but have arisen during fetal development.

For a number of autistic people there are clear genetic variations that have shown to be the cause of their neurological difference, while for many other people diagnosed there appears to be no significant genetic differences.

Ultimately this means that while genetics seems to be the clear cause for some types of autism, either through de novo or genetic variations, at this stage they do not explain the cause of everyone’s autism.

وتشمل العوامل الأخرى المحتملة التي يجري بحثها حاليا بسبب قدرتها علي التاثير علي التطور العصبي:

• انخفاض الوزن عند الولادة ، والولادة المبكرة
• Advanced paternal age at time of conception

Research has identified that every individual on the autism spectrum has different neurology to each other, further supporting the notion that autism is a spectrum of conditions. While there have been a range of research studies into these areas, more research is needed.

There has been significant research into what does not cause autism. It is clear that autism is not caused by vaccines, bad parenting or the food we eat.

الحقائق حول التوحد والمفاهيم الخاطئة الشائعة

هل تجد ان الاسره والأصدقاء حسن النية ، والمعلقين وسائل الاعلام حتى بعض المهنيين الصحيين تجعلك أكثر اهتماما والخلط حول الخاص بك أو التوحد طفلك أو يشتبه التوحد ؟

التضليل والرسائل المختلطة يمكن ان يؤدي إلى شعور بالذنب والعزلة ، ويمكن ان تعمل ضد التشخيص الاستباقي وبرنامج الدعم. علي الرغم من ان الفهم العالمي للتوحد يتطور باستمرار ، وهنا بعض الحقائق الشائعة الفهم ، لمساعدتك علي وضع بعض هذه المفاهيم الخاطئة حول التوحد إلى السرير.

ما هي أسباب التوحد?

من الطبيعي ان تريد ان تعرف ما الذي يسبب التوحد ، ولكن من المرجح انه لا يوجد سبب واحد. في حين ان الاختلافات الجينية معروفه بأنها تسبب بعض أنواع التوحد ، الا ان أسباب التوحد غير معروفه إلى حد كبير.

We do know that autism is a neurobiological difference, meaning that the brain processes information differently for autistic people, than it does for people who are not autistic.

ونحن نعلم أيضا ان أنماط الابوه والامومه لا تسبب الطفل لتطوير التوحد.

لا يحدث التوحد بسبب التطعيمات اثناء الحمل أو قبله ، وقد تراجعت الصلة التي تم الإبلاغ عنها زورا بين التطعيم ضد الحصبة والنكاف والحصبة السابقة والتوحد من الورقة التي نشرت فيها ، وفقدت مصداقيتها تماما من خلال البحث ، الأوساط العلمية والطبية.

لمزيد من المعلومات حول الدراسات الحالية التي تجري في أسباب التوحد ، وزيارة لدينا ما يسبب التوحد القسم.

كيف يتم تشخيص مرض التوحد ؟

Fortunately, the way autism is assessed has changed and improved over the last 80 years.

We now recognise a wider range of characteristics as forming part of the autism spectrum.

As awareness increases, parents and professionals are getting better at identifying early characteristics of autism and are more likely to seek an autism assessment.

This contributes to the explanation as to why people think autism is more prevalent today than it was ten or twenty years ago.

لمزيد من المعلومات حول التشخيص انتقل إلى كيفيه الحصول علي صفحه تشخيص مرض التوحد.

Do autistic people all look and act the same?

Autistic people are part of the diversity that is humanity, where no-one person is the same as another.

وقد أظهرت الأبحاث التي اكتملت حتى الاربعينات من القرن الأربعينيات ان التوحد هو طيف من السلوكيات والمهارات.

لمزيد من المعلومات حول السلوكيات المتعلقة بالتوحد ، يرجى زيارة صفحه العلامات والخصائص.

Are autistic people physically or intellectually disabled?

Autistic people do not look different to other people and are usually physically healthy.

Autism is not an intellectual disability although some autistic people may also be diagnosed with an intellectual disability.

Do autistic people communicate?

Everyone communicates. Many autistic people communicate using speech. For some people the way speech sounds may be unique including using a mono tone, very formal language for the context in which it is used or use an accent. For others, verbal speech might be delayed or many not develop.  It is important to develop ways that a person can communicate their needs to those around them.

يستخدم بعض الأشخاص أنظمه اتصالات بديله مثل لغة الاشاره أو أنظمه تبادل الصور أو التكنولوجيا المساعدة للتواصل مع من حولهم.

Do autistic people have emotions?

Autistic people feel the same emotions as their parents, family or friends. People on the autism spectrum may express and feel emotions in a way that is different to people that are not autistic. They may have difficulties in expressing their emotions in a way that non-autistic people understand or recognise- this can cause frustration.

Some autistic people may shout or hit out when distressed but this is usually a reaction or last resort when there is a difficulty in communicating.

It is common for autistic people to have difficulty recognising and interpreting the emotions of others- know as alexithymia-, but many individuals develop strong bonds with important people in their lives such as parents and siblings like everyone else.

بالنسبة لبعض الأشخاص ، يمكن ان تكون الوسائل النموذجية لإظهار المودة أكثر صعوبة ، مثل الحفاظ علي بصر العين والتلامس الجسدي.

لمزيد من المعلومات حول السلوكيات المتعلقة بالتوحد ، يرجى زيارة صفحه العلامات والخصائص.

Do autistic people make friends?

Most autistic people often do want to have friends, but have difficulty engaging socially with others or knowing how to recognise and respond to the intentions and emotions of others, particularly towards non-autistic people. This is known as the double empathy theory.

Understanding how people interact and engage with others is complex and is generally required to form friendships. Many autistic people report that they find this difficult to understand and navigate and often seek supports and services to support their ability to make and maintain relationships, including romantic relationships, relationships at work and social relationship. Planned activities around shared interests are often the key to supporting the development and maintenance of friendships.

لمزيد من المعلومات حول السلوكيات المتعلقة بالتوحد ، يرجى زيارة صفحه العلامات والخصائص.

هل يمكن علاج التوحد ؟

التوحد لا يمكن ان يكون أكثر "الشفاء" من لون العين ، والملعب من الصوت ، وارتفاع الخاص بك أو شكل قدميك.

Early diagnosis and support can help individuals to develop skills necessary for a full, productive and satisfying life.

People who say they or their children were ‘cured’ may have been particularly successful in acquiring skills which enable them to become more effective through their everyday life.

العديد من الناس الذين لديهم تشخيص التوحد تشعر بالقلق إزاء مفهوم "علاج" التوحد ، كما انهم يشعرون انه هو التوحد الذي يجعلها ، لهم. كثير من الناس المساهمة نجاحاتهم لتكون قادره علي التفكير بطريقه مختلفه تماما ثم الغالبية العظمي من الناس التي هي النموذجية التنموية.

يسمي هذا التصور الاحتفالي للتوحد الذي يقوده الناس علي طيف التوحد حركه التنوع العصبي.

التطرق إلى موضوع التوحد

With an increased awareness of autism in our society you may start to recognise the characteristics of people you know or love as “on the spectrum” or “autistic”.

While it’s exciting that people are becoming more aware of the full spectrum of autism, it’s important for people to also be sensitive about the language they use surrounding it, and when approaching autistic people.

قبل ان تقوم برفع موضوع التوحد مع الشخص الذي قد يكون التوحد (أو عائلاتهم) ، من المهم ان تاخذ في الاعتبار ما يلي:

• لماذا تعتقد انه من المهم ان تثير الموضوع مع شخص ؟
• ما هي النتائج الايجابيه المحتملة مثل الدعم والفهم ، أو تحسين الوعي الذاتي والهوية ؟
• What are the potential negatives e.g. denial, confusion.
• قد تحتاج إلى ان تكون علي استعداد لقبول استجابه سلبيه وان تكون داعمه وغير الجادة.
• الذي قد يكون أفضل شخص لأثاره الموضوع – علي سبيل المثال قد يكون من الأفضل القادمة من أحد افراد الاسره أو صديق موثوق به.
• ما النغمة التي ستستخدمها ؟ بالتاكيد ، سوف تحتاج إلى ان تكون محترمه وحساسة.
• تجنب تقديم مشورة محدده
• تعرف علي خدمات الدعم التي قد تكون مفيده قبل اجراء المحادثة.
• Remember that you are NOT likely to be in a position to diagnose, unless you are trained to do so. You can raise the topic, and suggest the person or family member seeks more information on autism from a recognised and qualified professional.

لمعرفه المزيد من المعلومات حول طيف التوحد ، يرجى الاطلاع علي صفحه العلامات والخصائص.